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based science curricula in the context of urban reform. Journal of Research in Sci ence Teaching, 45(8), 922 - 939. [Abstract] Hickey, D.T., Kindfeld, A.C.H., Horwitz, P., & Christie, M.A. (1999). Advancing educa tional theory by enhancing practice in a technology - supported genetics learning en vironment. Journal of Education, 181, 25 55. [Abstract] Hmelo, C. (1998). Problem - based learning: Effects on the early acquisition of cognitive skill in medicine. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 7, 173 - 208. [Abstract] Immordino - Yang, M.H. (2015). Retrieved from: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/ books/review - emotions - learning - and - the brain - mary - helen - immordino - yang - w - w norton Lynch, S., Kuipers, JU., Pyke, C., & Szesze, M. (2005). Examining the effects of a highly rated science curriculum unit on diverse students: Results from a planning grant. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 42, 921 - 946. [Abstract] Mergendoller, J.R., Maxwell, N., & Bellisimo, Y. (2006). The effectiveness of problem based instruction: A Comparative Study of In structional Methods and Student Character istics. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem based Learning, 1(2), 49 - 69. Retrieved from http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ijpbl/vol1/ iss2/5/. [Full text] Murrell, P.C. (2007). Race, culture, and schooling: Identities of achievement in multicultural urban schools. New York, NY: Erlbaum. National Clearinghouse for Comprehensive School Reform (2004). Putting the Pieces Togeth er: Lessons from Comprehensive School Reform Research. Washington, DC: Au thor. Retrieved from http:// www.centerforcsri.org/PDF/ PTPTLessonsfromCSRResearch.pdf. [Full text] Pew Research Survey, (2019). Retrieved from: https:// www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/02/20/ acknowledgments - 25/

Riegle - Crumb, C., Moore, C., & Ramos - Wada, A. (2011). Who wants to have a career in sci ence or math? Exploring adolescents' future aspirations by gender and race/ethnicity. Science Education, 95 (3). 458 - 476. Sfard & Prusak (2005). Telling Identities: In Search of an Analytic Tool for Investigat ing Learning as a Culturally Shaped Activi ty, Educational Researcher, Vol. 34, No. 4 (May, 2005), pp. 14 - 22. Strobel, J. & van Barneveld, A. (2008) "When is PBL More Effective? A Meta - synthesis of Meta - analyses Comparing PBL to Conven tional Classrooms," Interdisciplinary Jour nal of Problem - based Learning, 3(1), 44 - 58. Retrieved from http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ ijpbl/vol3/iss1/4. [Full text] Vernon, D. T. & Blake, R. L. (1993). Does prob lem - based learning work? A meta - analysis of evaluative research. Academic Medicine, 68(7), 550 - 63. [Abstract] Walker, A. & Leary, H. (2008) "A Problem Based Learning Meta Analysis: Differences Across Problem Types, Implementation Types, Disciplines, and Assessment Lev els," Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem based Learning, 3(1), 12 - 43. Retrieved from http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/ijpbl/vol3/ iss1/3. [Full text] Wood, M. B. (2013). Mathematical micro identities: Moment - to - moment positioning and learning in a fourth - grade classroom. Journal for Research in Mathematics Edu cation , 44 (5), 775 - 808. https:// doi.org/10.5951/jresematheduc.44.5.0775. For additional resources about girls in mathemat ics, visit our Women and Mathematics Education (WME) website at www.womenandmath.org.

Lorraine Howard President, Women and Mathematics Education (WME) Partner Affiliate of NCTM, NCSM, AMTE and CBMS lorraine.howard@womenandmath.org

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