IPM Packages for Crops

chickpea IPM techniques

• Soil sanitation to manage soil-borne diseases and soil-inhabiting insect pests. • Organic soil amendments and mulch- ing with oat or maize straw to manage soil-borne diseases and nematodes. • Soil application of neem cake, castor cake, mustard cake, and/or cotton cake to control nematode infestation. • Solarization of moist soil with poly- ethylene layer under high-temperature conditions to control weeds. • Sun-drying or solar treatment of seeds and application of bentonite dust to control seed-borne diseases and storage insect pests. • Use of disease-free seeds. • Soil/seed application of bacteria and fungi such as Pseudomonas fluorescens , Penicillium griseofulvum, Streptomyces pseudomonas, Bacillus spp., Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma spp., Trichoderma harzianum , T. viri- dae , Paecilomyces lilacinus, Pencillium spp., Penicillium oxalicum , Gliocla- dium virens , and Pythium oligandrum reduce the severity of diseases and nematodes. • Use of gum arabic can increase the efficacy of Trichoderma . • Seed treatment with Rhizobium sp. for root-nodule development. • Use of tolerant and resistant varieties: Several resistant Desi and Kabuli germplasm lines have been identi- fied for fusarium wilt by ICRISAT and ICARDA. Kabuli lines including ILC 9784, 9785, 9786; FLIP 86- 93C, 87-38C, 87-33C, CA334.20.4, CA336.14.3.0, ICCI14216K, cultivars ICCV2—ICCV6; Sonora 80, Suruto 77; UC15, UC27; Genotype ICC-3230 show tolerance for downy mildew.

• Crop rotation and a 2-3-year period with - out chickpea production to reduce disease incidence. • Changes in planting dates to avoid infec- tion and infestation of some diseases and insect pests. • Wide row spacing and canopy manage- ment to manage microclimate to avoid diseases. • Weed management in the field to avoid alternate hosts for insect pests. • Release egg parasitoids, Trichogramma spp. and Telenomus remus , for control of caterpillar pests. • Foliar application of neem kernel ex - tracts, neem oil, and pyrethrins to control insect pests. • Need-based safe pesticide application at the budding, flowering, and/or podding stage to manage diseases and insect pests. • Prompt harvesting, proper drying before storage, storage hygiene to manage diseas- es and insect pests. • Use of hermetic grain storage (deprive insects of oxygen) bags to manage storage pests.

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