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possible outcomes with simulations and organized lists in such situations helped them confirm their suspicions. We were pleased to see that by the end of our time with our students, they knew that it was important to systematically list possible outcomes in a game situation to decide its fairness. This was a substantial step forward from simply checking to see if each player receives the same number of turns in a game. We encourage other teachers to engage students in the same type of back - and - forth interplay between concrete experiences and simula tions, offering our experience as a starting point in this endeavor. Degner, K. (2015). Flipping out: Calculating prob ability with a coin game. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 21 , 244 245. Jardine, D. (2000). Looking at probability through a historical lens. Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School, 6, 50 - 52. Konold, C., & Miller, C. (2011). TinkerPlots v. 2.3 [Computer Software]. Amherst: Learn Troop. Nelson, C., & Williams, N. (2009) A fair game? The case of rock, paper, scissors. Mathe matics Teaching in the Middle School , 14 , 311 - 314. References

Shaughnessy, J. M. (2007). Research on statistics learning and reasoning. In F. K. Lester, Jr. (Ed.), Second handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning (pp. 957 - 1009). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.

Randall E. Groth Salisbury University regroth@salisbury.edu

Elizabeth Roehm Boston College roehme@bc.edu

Megan Rickards Salisbury University mrickards1@gulls.salisbury.edu

Affiliate Information

Affiliate

Contact

Email

Battlefields (BNVCTM)

Christine Gault

gaultcm@pwcs.edu

Blue Ridge (BRCTM)

Suzann Bazak

sbazak@me.com

Greater Richmond (GRCTM)

Sherri DiNoia

sherri_dinoia@colonialhts.net

Northern VA (NVCTM)

Anita Lockett

alockett@fcps.edu

Rappahannock (R 2 ATM)

Erin Porter

eport2it@gmail.com

Southwest VA (SVCTM)

Frank Wright

fwright@mecc.edu

Lisa Loconte - Allen & Reagan Davis

lisa.loconte - allen@cpschools.com reagan.davis.tctm@gmail.com

Tidewater (TCTM)

Valley of Virginia (V 2 CTM)

Amanda Rickard

arickard@rockingham.k12.va.us

Virginia Mathematics Teacher vol. 46, no. 2

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