IPM Packages for Crops

insect pests

Lychee giant stink bug [ Tessaratoma papillosa (Hemiptera: Tessaratomidae)] It is a polyphagous sap-sucking major pest of lychee and longan. Adults are golden brown and nymphs are elliptical (first instar), and rectangular (later instars) and orange-reddish. It has one generation per year and there are five nymphal instars. Nymphs and adults feed on tender plant parts like shoots, inflorescence, and fruits. Feeding causes necrosis of young twigs, withering of flowers, fruit rot, and fruit drop. Infestation is more preva- lent in summer and low in rainy season. Heavy infestation can cause 80–90% yield loss. Entomopathogenic fungi, Beau- veria bassiana, Paecilomyces sp., and Metarhizium sp. are effective in managing this pest. The egg parasitoids, Trissolcus japonicus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), Ooencyrtus phongi, Encyrtus sp., (Hyme- noptera: Encyrtidae), Anastatus sp. (Hyme- noptera: Eupelmidae), and Blastophaga sp. (Hymenopera: Agaonidae) parasitize 70 to 90% of eggs in Asia. Mealybug [ Planococcus lilacinus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)] The mealybug Planococcus lilacinus is distributed throughout the tropics and suck the sap from host plants and excrete hon - eydew on fruits and leaves, which causes growth of sooty mold. In severe infestations, fruits are underdeveloped and drop off. The population usually increases during dry season. Pruning and destroying infected shoots can reduce mealybug popu- lations. Ants play a major role in the dispersal of mealybugs. Baits are used for control of ants and help in reducing popu- lations of mealybugs. Entomopathogenic fungus, Paecilomyces sp., and Metarhizium sp. are effective in controlling mealybug populations. Parasitoids, Tetracnemoidea indica (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), and Aprostocetus purpureus (Hymenooptera: Eulophidae), and the Triommata coccidivo- ra (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), and Cacox- enus perspicax (Diptera: Drosophilidae) are reported on P. lilacinus in Asia.

Scale insect [ Drepanococcus chiton (Hemiptera: Coccidae)]

Oriental Fruit Fly [ Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)]

Drepanococcus chiton is prevalent in south and southeast Asia. They suck sap from host plants and excrete honeydew on fruits and leaves, leading to the growth of sooty mold. In severe infestations, fruits are un- derdeveloped and drop off. The population usually increases during the dry season. Ants play a major role in the dispersal of scale insects. Baits are used for the control of ants and help in reducing populations of scale insects. Predators, Menochilus sexmaculatus, Coccinella transversalis, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Brumus sp., Scymnus coccivora, Chilocorus nigrita , M. sexmaculata , and Scymnus sp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Suarius sp. (Neurop- tera: Chrysopidae) are reported to manage scale insects. Parasitoids, Coccophagus thanhoaensis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), Eunotus sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), Anicetus ceylonensis, Metaphycus sp. nr helvolus, Philosindia sp. nr longicornis (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Cephaleta brunniventris (Hymenoptera: Pteromali- dae) are reported to manage Drepanococ- cus chiton. Psyllid [ Cornegenapsylla sinica (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae)] This sap-sucking insect is found in South- east Asia. This psyllid induces pit gall on young leaves of longan. The female adults are small with an average size of about 1.5 mm in length. Eggs are laid singly into the veins on the adaxial sides of the leaves. There are four nymph instars and they remain inside the galls. There are 3–5 generations per year. The psyllid is most abundant in summer. Feeding and gall induction causes economic damage due to direct feeding. Pruning and disposal of the severely affected shoots are recommended.

This is a polyphagous pest infesting more than 200 species of host plants. It lays pale yellow eggs under the skin of ripened or ripening fruits. The physical damage caused by ovipositional punctures as well as feeding damage by maggots leads to the rotting of fruits. Bagging fruits is an extremely effective strategy to manage this pest. A protein bait is developed in Viet- nam (SOFRI-PROTEIN), which is made from beer waste and an insecticide, that attracts both male and female flies and kills them. Methyl eugenol traps also attract and kill male flies. These techniques in combi - nation with orchard sanitation are effective in managing the fruit fly. Hot vapor or irradiation treatments are required before exporting the fruits to meet quarantine regulations of importing countries.

Cornegenapsylla sinica symptom

Planococcus lilacinus