IPM Packages for Crops

weeds, nematodes & other threats

Cutworm [( Agrotis ipsilon ) (Lepidoptera: Noctu- idae)] Cutworm is a polyphagous chewing insect that feeds on leaves and tender stems of young plants below and above the ground. One larva per 10 plants can cause consid- erable damage. Poison baits (wheat bran, groundnut cake, water) are useful to assess and manage the population below ground. Maize crop suffers several weeds, which cause high loss of yield. Some of the most common species in Asia and Africa are Striga sp., Echinochloa colona, Eleusine indica, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis, Panicum colonum, Ageratum conyzoides, Galinsoga parviflora, Phyllan - thus niruri, Commelina benghalensis, Po- lygonum dichotomiflorum, Aeschynomene indica, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus escu- lentus , and Cyperus iria . Maize cyst nematode [ Heterodera zeae (Heteroderidae)] Found in Asia and America. Nematode- infested plants exhibit poor growth, are stunted, and are pale green. Crop rotation with non-cereal crops (soybean, cotton and vegetables), deep summer ploughing, intercropping of maize with soybean, and use of resistant/tolerant hybrids help [ Meloidogyne incognita (Heteroderidae)] Early symptoms of root nematodes include severely reduced growth of the plants coupled with extensive leaf yellowing. The occurrence of this nematode can cause complete loss of yields. manage the problem. Root knot nematode

OTHER IMPORTANT DISEASES, INSECT PESTS, AND NEMATODES

Ear rot ( Fusarium spp.) Downy mildew ( Peronasclerospora spp.) Gray leaf Spot ( Cercospora zeae maydis ) Banded leaf and Sheath blight ( Rhizocto- nia solani ) Curvularia leaf spot ( Curvularia lunata ) Charcoal rot ( Macrophomina phaseolina ) Bacterial stalk rot ( Dickeya zeae ) Common rust ( Puccinia sorghi ) Polysora rust ( Puccinia polysora ) Sorghum downy mildew ( Pernosclespora sorghi ) Brown spot ( Physoderma maydis ) Shoot fly ( Atherigona soccata, A. naqvii, A. orientalis (Diptera: Muscidae) Termites ( Odontotermes obesus, Microter- mes spp. and Macrotermes spp.) Blister beetle (Coleoptera: Meloidae) Thrips ( Anaphothrips sudanensis ) Pyrilla ( Pyrilla perpusilla ) Chafer beetle ( Chiloloba acuta )

WEEDS

NEMATODES

Maize cyst nematode (Heterodera zeae), Crop protection network